New banana republic

Two centuries after it was first classified by botanists, Musa nepalensis has been spotted again in the country that bears its Latin name.

Ram Prasad Ghimire, 54, from Pytar in Lalitpur took a closer look and said, “That’s ghyampe kera!” According to Ghimire, until a few decades ago the plant was widespread in the forest near his village. But it had declined sharply in recent years because of over harvesting for its purported therapuetic properties.

People in the village boil the middle portion of the pseudo stem, also known as the peduncle, and eat it to relieve stomach discomfort. Although the ripe fruit has little flavour, it is used to treat diarrhea. Similarly, leaf base latex is used for ear infections.

There were a dozen of these banana plants growing in Godavari. According to Gaurav Parmar of the National Botanical Garden the banana blooms once in three years, and when the fruit is fully ripe, the plant dies.

The fruit bunch is compact unlike in domesticated banana. Birds and animals consume the fruit and spread its seeds to germinate. The pseudo stem is nearly one metre tall but its fringed leaves can reach a length of two metres.

Musa nepalensis was first described by Nathaniel Wallich in 1820 during his expedition from Amlekhganj to Thankot on the old foot trail to Kathmandu from the plains. During the first half of the nineteenth century, a Danish surgeon served as superintendent of the Royal Botanical Garden of Calcutta and which had 142 genera and almost 8,000 plant species. He also traveled Kathmandu Valley in 1820-21 in search of botanical specimens.

In Kathmandu, Wallich gathered wild banana samples and sketched them, identifying them as a brand-new species in 1824. The nepalensis in the name signified that the plant was endemic to Nepal.

But after that one observation, no one else had ever seen the wild banana, prompting many to believe that Wallich's observations of the specimen and its drawings were mistaken.

Ensete glaucum, a species of banana from Southeast Asia, was discovered in 1948 and its morphological make was more or less comparable to Musa nepalensis. Between 1963 and 1977, a Japanese plant exploration team found Ensete glaucum in east Nepal and assumed that the Wallich collection from Nepal was that plant and not Musa nepalensis.

A year later a book with a checklist of Nepali plants was published which also stated that the banana Wallich had gathered is today known as Ensete glaucum. In 1862, the genus Ensete was separated from Musa.

The rediscovery of the wild banana species was made by a team consisting of Gaurav Parmar, Dipak Lamichhane, Hem Raj Paudel and Anna Trias-Blasi. They found Wallich's description of Musa nepalensis and the specimens from Godavari locality to be identical.

Throughout Wallich’s working period, there was only the Musa genus. Monocarpic pseudo stem bananas are now included in the genus Ensete. Multiple pseudo stems in the Musa genus develop from a single underground true stem.

The seeds of Ensete nepalensis are spread by birds and mammals. They thrive on rocky moist, somewhat open areas and have a higher rate of germination in natural condition. When freely sown, some 60% germinate.

Grazing is one of the biggest threats to the conservation of wild banana plants. Cattle love feeding on the plant's leaves and branches. Humans also unintentionally harm the plant when they fall down because of its peduncle. The plant also has ornamental purposes.

For many ethnic communities in India, Ensete glaucum is an important herb used to treat a variety of illnesses. Flower juice has reportedly been used to treat dysentery and excessive bleeding in young girls during menstruation. Very young inflorescence is used locally in a variety of tribal recipes, and youngsters play traditional games with its seeds.

More exploratory investigation should be conducted for this species, research its medicinal properties, and community forestry user groups should be made aware of a species named after Nepal.

Kamal Maden is a botanist and biodiversity researcher.